Tuesday, February 18, 2020

What are Fiber Optic Cables Made Of?



Let's take a look at the construction of fiber optic cables, which are one of the simplest but most powerful tools in data transmission today. The different components that form a fiber cable are the core, the coating, the Kevlar®, the splint and the connector. After assembly, the fiber core is polished and, therefore, ready to transmit data.

The core is a continuous thread of super thin glass that is about the same size as a human hair. It is the center of the fiber cable and the medium through which the light pulses are transmitted.
The core is surrounded by a coating layer. The coating surrounds and reflects the light in the center. Together, the core and coating make up the so-called fiber.
Kevlar® is a registered trademark of strong synthetic material or yellow "hair" which is used as a protective outer layer for the fiberglass core it protects. Its high tensile strength protects the cable from damage when pulled.

Around the Kevlar there is the cable cover or coating, which is the outer cover of the cable body. It is most commonly an ascending tube (a soft and rubbery plastic called PVC) or a plenum (similar to the ascending tube, but in the case of a fire, it does not burn so easily or emits some toxins in its smoke). Environmental conditions determine the most appropriate type of jacket.
Next is the starter cable. This is the plastic / rubber part that begins the transition from the cable to the connector. The goal is to support the most flexible cable when it comes out of the connector, avoiding breakages, kinks and general tensions in the cable.
Finally, the connector is the piece that connects to the equipment. It usually has some type of locking mechanism, like a card. The connector is what most people grab when installing or removing a cable.
The slat is the protruding part of a fiber connector. It is often made of ceramic, plastic or stainless steel and houses the end of the fiber to align it precisely for interconnection with the optical transceiver or other fiber.

The fiber is inserted into the splint and cemented with an epoxy or adhesive. This confers long-term mechanical strength and prevents contamination. The slat is the most important and expensive part of a fiber connector. If the length, the centering of the holes and the internal / external diameters are not correct, an incorrect connection occurs.
It can be tempting to touch the end of the splint to see if you can feel the real fiber. Nobody should do this, as it will leave dirt and oils on the ends of the glass, preventing their ability to transmit data effectively.
The fiber at the end of the splint is meticulously polished to ensure adequate data transmission. The fiber must be polished to the appropriate shape and length so that there are no breaks in the signal The end point of the fiber is polished with a patented process, then inspected and rigorously tested, obtaining the best possible fiber termination in the market. Industry standards impose specific amounts of acceptable data transmission errors (also known as "light loss") on a connection. When you add these potential loss values ​​for each link in a connection, you have a loss budget.
If fiber connections exceed your loss budget, you run the risk of losing an efficient data transfer. Also, as speed increases, these budgets decrease.

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